Models of Authorityhttp://www.modelsofauthority.ac.uk/blog/2017-04-22T10:16:51+00:00manuSciences 20172017-04-22T10:16:35+00:002017-04-22T10:16:51+00:00Peter Stokeshttp://www.modelsofauthority.ac.uk/blog/author/pstokes/http://www.modelsofauthority.ac.uk/blog/manusciences-2017/<p>The deadline is fast approaching to register for manuSciences 2017. This is a Franco-German summer school organised jointly by the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), the Hamburg Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures (CSMS), and the École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE) Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University (PSL). It comprises a series of lectures and courses which 'will focus on a multi-facetted investigation of manuscripts adding new chemical and physical analyses, imaging methods and techniques from computer sciences to classical philology, paleography, codicology, linguistics and history.' Quoting/paraphrasing further from the EPHE version of the website:</p>
<p><strong>What</strong>: A week-long programme on physical sciences and digital methods in manuscript studies and philology. Active participation is expected. The lectures and courses will be in English.<br/><strong>Where</strong>: Villa Clythia, Frejus, France<br/><strong>When</strong>: 10–15 September 2017<br/><strong>Who (participants)</strong>: Up to 40 (max.) young researchers, from master and Ph.D. students to researchers and university lecturers.<br/><strong>Who (lecturers)</strong>: Roger Easton, Leif Glaser, Oliver Hahn (organiser), Keith Knox, Marcus Liwicki, Eve Menei, Ira Rabin (organiser), Hasia Rimon, Uzi Smilansky, Marc Smith, Peter Stokes, Daniel Stökl Ben Ezra (organiser), Dominique Stutzmann</p>
<p>For more details, including how to register, see <a href="http://humanum.ephe.fr/fr/manusciences17">http://humanum.ephe.fr/fr/manusciences17<br/></a>or <a href="https://www.bam.de/Content/EN/Events/2017/1115-manusciences-17-summer-school.html">https://www.bam.de/Content/EN/Events/2017/1115-manusciences-17-summer-school.html</a>.</p>
<p>[<em>This article has been cross-posted on the <a href="http://www.digipal.eu/blog/manusciences-2017/">DigiPal</a> and <em><a href="http://www.exondomesday.ac.uk/blog/manusciences-2017/">Conqueror's Commissioners</a></em> websites</em>.]</p>
<p></p>
<p><a href="https://www.bam.de/_SharedDocs/EN/Downloads/Events/va-1115-poster.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3"><img src="https://www.bam.de/_SharedDocs/EN/Downloads/Events/va-1115-poster.pdf;jsessionid=9981FBFAC70D45AC468A693E3616B981?__blob=publicationFile&v=2"/></a></p>John Coffin Memorial Lecture 20172017-04-19T14:48:45+00:002017-04-19T14:53:20+00:00Peter Stokeshttp://www.modelsofauthority.ac.uk/blog/author/pstokes/http://www.modelsofauthority.ac.uk/blog/john-coffin-memorial-lecture-2017/<p>I'm very happy to see that this year's John Coffin Memorial Lecture in Palaeography will be given by Professor Judith Olszowy-Schlanger, from the École Pratique des Hautes Études, on 'Crossing Palaeographical Borders: Bi-Alphabetical Hebrew Scribes and Manuscripts in Egypt, Spain and Northern France (11th to 15th Centuries)'. A summary of the talk is reproduced here from <a href="http://www.ies.sas.ac.uk/events/event/8256">the IES website</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Medieval Jewish scribal culture reflects long-standing post-biblical traditions elaborated by Jewish communities in Palestine, Egypt and Mesopotamia. Moreover, despite major linguistic and scribal differences, Jewish medieval scribes in both East and West were well aware of the palaeographical specificities of the non-Jewish cultures among which they resided. This awareness is apparent in the manuscripts themselves: some contain texts written in different languages and alphabets, others are written in Hebrew script with features echoing the scripts of the majority cultures. Taking as examples manuscripts written in Egypt, Spain and Northern France between the eleventh and the fifteenth centuries, I attempt to uncover some of the mechanisms, technical, aesthetic and social, underlying such scribal cross-cultural encounters. <br/><br/>Professor Judith Olszowy-Schlanger is the Director of Studies, École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Section des Sciences Historiques et Philogogiques, Sorbonne University, Paris and is a corresponding fellow of the British Academy. She is a highly distinguished scholar, funded by the Rothschild Foundation to research uncatalogued material, and her subject is fundamental to current work on medieval Europe. She heads a pan-European project entitled ‘Books within Books’ (<a href="http://hebrewmanuscript.com">http://hebrewmanuscript.com</a>), that seeks to locate, photograph and describe every Hebrew manuscript to be found in the bindings of books (these are mostly books written in Latin) now in libraries across Europe. She is a leading specialist in the study of Hebrew manuscripts, palaeography and diplomatic, the history of medieval linguistic thought and Christian Hebrew scholars in the Middle Ages.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>What</strong>: 2017 John Coffin Memorial Lecture in Palaeography<br/><strong>Who</strong>: Prof. Judith Olszowy-Schlanger (EPHE)<br/><strong>Where</strong>: Chancellor's Hall, First Floor, Senate House, Malet Street London WC1E 7HU<br/><strong>When</strong>: 18h-20h, Wednesday 24 May 2017<br/><strong>For more details</strong> (including booking a free place at the talk): <a href="http://www.ies.sas.ac.uk/events/event/8256">http://www.ies.sas.ac.uk/events/event/8256</a></p>
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<p><img src="https://sas.sym-online.com/UserFiles/y2jIiDrUowzJHlr91AZATZfx5l2tc1IhBgD71mktkflxY6iy8nqRkAMBYLkT5p2x/2017%20Palaeography%20Lecture%20Poster.pdf"/></p>
<p>[<em>This blog entry is cross-posted on the <a href="http://www.digipal.eu/blog/john-coffin-memorial-lecture-2017/">DigiPal</a> and <a href="https://www.exondomesday.ac.uk/blog/john-coffin-memorial-lecture-2017/">Conqueror's Commissioners</a> websites.</em>]</p>Medieval and Modern Manuscript Studies in the Digital Age (MMSDA) 20162016-02-01T16:20:09+00:002016-02-01T16:20:36+00:00Peter Stokeshttp://www.modelsofauthority.ac.uk/blog/author/pstokes/http://www.modelsofauthority.ac.uk/blog/medieval-and-modern-manuscript-studies-in-the-digital-age-mmsda-2016/<p>It's official: applications for MMSDA 2016 are now open. It's a short application period this year, so be sure to move quickly.</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Medieval and Modern Manuscript Studies in the Digital Age (MMSDA)</strong><br/><strong>2 – 6 May 2016, Cambridge and London</strong></p>
<p>We are very pleased to announce the sixth year of this course, funded by the Digital Scholarly Editions Initial Training Network (DiXiT), and run by King’s College London with the University of Cambridge and the Warburg Institute. The course will run in two parallel strands: one on medieval and the other on modern manuscripts.</p>
<p>The course is open to any doctoral students working with manuscripts. It involves five days of intensive training on the analysis, description and editing of medieval or modern manuscripts to be held jointly in Cambridge and London. Participants will receive a solid theoretical foundation and hands-on experience in cataloguing and editing manuscripts for both print and digital formats.</p>
<p>The first half of the course involves morning classes and then afternoon visits to libraries in Cambridge and London. Participants will view original manuscripts and gain practical experience in applying the morning’s themes to concrete examples. In the second half we will address the cataloguing and description of manuscripts in a digital format with particular emphasis on the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI). These sessions will also combine theoretical principles and practical experience and include supervised work on computers.</p>
<p>The course is free of charge but is open only to doctoral students (PhD or equivalent). It is aimed at those writing dissertations relating to medieval or modern manuscripts, especially those working on literature, art or history. Eight bursaries will be available for travel and accommodation. There are thirty vacancies across the medieval and modern strands, and preference will be given to those considered by the selection panel likely to benefit most from the course. Applications close at <strong>5pm GMT on 22 February 2016</strong> but early registration is strongly recommended.</p>
<p>For further details see <a href="http://dixit.uni-koeln.de/mmsda/">http://dixit.uni-koeln.de/mmsda/</a> or contact <a href="mailto:dixit-mmsda@uni-koeln.de">dixit-mmsda@uni-koeln.de</a>.</p>
</blockquote>The Handwriting of Scottish Charters 1100-1250 in the National Library of Scotland2015-11-25T06:22:49+00:002017-03-23T18:32:19+00:00Teresa Webberhttp://www.modelsofauthority.ac.uk/blog/author/twebber/http://www.modelsofauthority.ac.uk/blog/handwriting/<p class="highlight-box">Feature Article 5: Tessa Webber</p>
<p>The Models of Authority project encompasses a period remarkable for the emergence of an extraordinary level of diversity in the appearance of the handwriting of charters issued both north and south of the Scottish border. The earliest surviving Scottish charters, which date from the early twelfth century, reflect the long-established Anglo-Saxon tradition of writing such documents in a script no different from that used for formal handwriting in books. Over the course of the twelfth century, however, two very different kinds of stimuli prompted scribes to introduce a number of modifications to their handwriting when they wrote documents. These modifications came to be combined in various different ways, resulting in the diversity that characterises the handwriting of English and Scottish charters by the first half of the thirteenth century.</p>
<p><span size="3">One stimulus was a desire to write with greater economy of effort: for example, by introducing simplified forms of certain letters as variants, or using fewer pen-lifts, or paying less attention to matters of detail. The other was a desire to introduce features of style observed in the more elaborate handwriting of continental documents (such as those issued by the papacy) and which came to be regarded as especially appropriate for formal documents that conveyed grants of property or privilege. These two stimuli might at first sight appear to be incompatible, but much of the diversity in the handwriting of documents that emerged during this period was the product of scribes experimenting with the graphic potential of combining elements of rapid writing with elements of style, or adopting as new features of style modifications of the cursive traces originally unintentionally recorded on the parchment as the pen moved rapidly from one stroke to the next. </span></p>
<p><span size="3">By the second half of the twelfth century, a common perception had emerged in Scotland, as in England, that the handwriting of documents should differ from that of books, but the degree and character of difference could vary and be achieved in different ways. The Models of Authority project will enable palaeographical analysis of more than six hundred of of the original Scottish charters that survive from between 1100 and 1250. In this piece, I have chosen to focus on a small subset of these, the corpus of digitized charters from the National Library of Scotland, in order to exemplify some of the various ways in which scribes modified their handwriting when writing documents over the course of this period.</span></p>
<p><span size="3">During the second half of the twelfth century, scribes trained within a tradition of formal bookhand within the institutional framework of a religious house might introduce only minor modifications into their handwriting when writing a charter. In some instances, the only modification might be the occasional replacement of the more complex ‘et’ ligature </span><b><span size="3">&</span></b><span size="3"> with the more simply constructed 7-shaped abbreviation symbol for ‘et’, or </span><b><span size="3">d </span></b><span size="3">with a straight shaft with the simpler variant formed with an oblique shaft (the latter not requiring the careful perpendicular alignment of the former). </span></p>
<p>See, for example, <a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/81/">NLS Adv. MS 15.1.18, no. 21</a>:</p>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/81/"><img src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/ms21_full.jpg"/></a></p>
<p>The examples below are from <a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/81/">NLS Adv. MS 15.1.18, no. 21</a> and show <strong>d</strong> with a straight shaft and its simplified variant, <strong>&</strong> and the 7-shaped abbreviation symbol:</p>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/81/?graph=739&dlg=0"><img src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/ms21_d3.jpg"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/81/?graph=748&dlg=0"><img src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/ms21_d1.jpg"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/81/?graph=734&dlg=0"><img src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/ms21_d2.jpg"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/81/?graph=998&dlg=0"><img src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/ms21_&.jpg"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/81/?graph=997&dlg=0"><img src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/ms21_7.jpg"/></a></p>
<p>See also the variation in <strong>d</strong> found in <a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/98/">NLS Adv. MS 15.1.18, no. 12</a>:</p>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/98/?graph=348&dlg=0"><img height="122" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms12_d4.jpg/ms12_d4-76x122.jpg" width="76"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/98/?graph=1003&dlg=0"><img height="123" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms12_d1.jpg/ms12_d1-83x123.jpg" width="83"/></a><strong><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/98/?graph=353&dlg=0"><img height="120" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms12_d3.jpg/ms12_d3-80x120.jpg" width="80"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/98/?graph=1106&dlg=0"><img height="120" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms12_d2.jpg/ms12_d2-86x120.jpg" width="86"/></a></strong></p>
<p>And the <strong>&</strong> and the 7-shaped abbreviation symbols from <a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/97/">NLS Adv. MS 15.1.18, no. 81</a>:</p>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/97/?graph=1105&dlg=0"><img height="125" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms81_%26.jpg/ms81_%26-124x125.jpg" width="124"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/97/?graph=1004&dlg=0"><img height="126" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms81_7c.jpg/ms81_7c-101x126.jpg" width="101"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/97/?graph=944&dlg=0"><img height="122" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms81_7b.jpg/ms81_7b-91x122.jpg" width="91"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/97/?graph=941&dlg=0"><img height="124" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms81_7a.jpg/ms81_7a-93x124.jpg" width="93"/></a></p>
<div>
<p><span size="3">Scribes might, in addition, introduce features of style from continental traditions of documentary handwriting, such as the elongation of the ascenders of letters such as </span><b><span size="3">b</span></b><span size="3">, </span><b><span size="3">d</span></b><span size="3">, </span><b><span size="3">h</span></b><span size="3"> and </span><b><span size="3">l</span></b><span size="3">.</span></p>
</div>
<p>See, for example, <a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/">NLS Adv. MS 15.1.18, no. 10</a>:</p>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/"><img height="483" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms10_full.jpg/ms10_full-866x483.jpg" width="866"/></a></p>
<p>The examples below show the elongation of the ascenders of <b>b</b>, <b>d</b>, <b>h</b> and <b>l</b> in <a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/">NLS Adv. MS 15.1.18, no. 10</a>:</p>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/?graph=978&dlg=0"><img height="113" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms10_b3.jpg/ms10_b3-68x113.jpg" style="margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px;" width="68"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/?graph=977&dlg=0"><img height="113" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms10_b2.jpg/ms10_b2-68x113.jpg" style="margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px;" width="68"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/?graph=981&dlg=0"><img height="112" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms10_b1.jpg/ms10_b1-68x112.jpg" style="margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px;" width="68"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/?graph=974&dlg=0"><img height="111" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms10_d3.jpg/ms10_d3-58x111.jpg" style="margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px;" width="58"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/?graph=971&dlg=0"><img height="114" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms10_d2.jpg/ms10_d2-64x114.jpg" style="margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px;" width="64"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/?graph=773&dlg=0"><img height="112" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms10_d1.jpg/ms10_d1-76x112.jpg" style="margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px;" width="76"/></a></p>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/?graph=950&dlg=0"><img height="101" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms10_h3.jpg/ms10_h3-68x101.jpg" style="margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px;" width="68"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/?graph=954&dlg=0"><img height="102" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms10_h2.jpg/ms10_h2-56x102.jpg" style="margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px;" width="56"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/?graph=955&dlg=0"><img height="103" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms10_h1.jpg/ms10_h1-54x103.jpg" style="margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px;" width="54"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/?graph=957&dlg=0"><img height="101" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms10_l3.jpg/ms10_l3-57x101.jpg" style="margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px;" width="57"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/?graph=965&dlg=0"><img height="102" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms10_l2.jpg/ms10_l2-55x102.jpg" style="margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px;" width="55"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/?graph=984&dlg=0"><img height="103" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms10_l1.jpg/ms10_l1-53x103.jpg" style="margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px;" width="53"/></a></p>
<div>See also the elongation of ascenders of <b>b</b>, <b>d</b>, <b>h</b> and <b>l</b> in <a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/99/">NLS Adv. MS 15.1.18, no. 22</a>:</div>
<div>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/99/?graph=1115&dlg=0"><img height="121" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms22_b1.jpg/ms22_b1-62x121.jpg" width="62"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/99/?graph=1116&dlg=0"><img height="123" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms22_b2.jpg/ms22_b2-69x123.jpg" width="69"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/99/?graph=821&dlg=0"><img height="120" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms22_d4.jpg/ms22_d4-61x120.jpg" width="61"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/99/?graph=830&dlg=0"><img height="124" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms22_d3.jpg/ms22_d3-62x124.jpg" width="62"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/99/?graph=1121&dlg=0"><img height="121" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms22_d2.jpg/ms22_d2-57x121.jpg" width="57"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/99/?graph=1125&dlg=0"><img height="122" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms22_h1.jpg/ms22_h1-63x122.jpg" width="63"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/99/?graph=1113&dlg=0"><img height="121" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms22_h2.jpg/ms22_h2-64x121.jpg" width="64"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/99/?graph=1117&dlg=0"><img height="122" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms22_l3.jpg/ms22_l3-60x122.jpg" width="60"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/99/?graph=1120&dlg=0"><img height="125" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms22_l2.jpg/ms22_l2-43x125.jpg" width="43"/></a></p>
</div>
<div>
<div>The elongation of the ascenders of <b>b</b>, <b>d</b>, <b>h</b> and <b>l</b> in <a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/96/">NLS Adv. MS 15.1.18, no. 70</a>:</div>
</div>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/95/?graph=1139&dlg=0"><img height="124" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms70_b2.jpg/ms70_b2-64x124.jpg" width="64"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/95/?graph=1151&dlg=0"><img height="124" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms70_b1.jpg/ms70_b1-70x124.jpg" width="70"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/95/?graph=1137&dlg=0"><img height="121" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms70_d3.jpg/ms70_d3-72x121.jpg" width="72"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/95/?graph=886&dlg=0"><img height="122" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms70_d2.jpg/ms70_d2-79x122.jpg" width="79"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/95/?graph=1135&dlg=0"><img height="121" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms70_d1.jpg/ms70_d1-65x121.jpg" width="65"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/95/?graph=1133&dlg=0"><img height="122" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms70_h2.jpg/ms70_h2-70x122.jpg" width="70"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/95/?graph=1131&dlg=0"><img height="123" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms70_h1.jpg/ms70_h1-73x123.jpg" width="73"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/95/?graph=1157&dlg=0"><img height="122" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms70_h3.jpg/ms70_h3-70x122.jpg" width="70"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/95/?graph=1126&dlg=0"><img height="125" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms70_l2.jpg/ms70_l2-59x125.jpg" width="59"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/95/?graph=1130&dlg=0"><img height="121" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms70_l1.jpg/ms70_l1-64x121.jpg" width="64"/></a></p>
<div>
<div>And the elongation of the ascenders of <b>d</b>, <b>h</b> and <b>l</b> in <a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/95/">NLS Adv. MS 15.1.18, no. 71</a>:</div>
</div>
<div><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/96/?graph=1161&dlg=0"><img height="124" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms71_d2.jpg/ms71_d2-79x124.jpg" width="79"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/96/?graph=1159&dlg=0"><img height="124" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms71_d1.jpg/ms71_d1-74x124.jpg" width="74"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/96/?graph=508&dlg=0"><img height="121" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms71_h1.jpg/ms71_h1-70x121.jpg" width="70"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/96/?graph=1163&dlg=0"><img height="123" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms71_l2.jpg/ms71_l2-68x123.jpg" width="68"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/96/?graph=1160&dlg=0"><img height="123" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms71_l1.jpg/ms71_l1-68x123.jpg" width="68"/></a></div>
<div>
<p>Another feature of style we see from continental traditions of documentary handwriting is the stylised treatment of elements of certain letters that descended below the baseline (such as <strong>f</strong>, <strong>s</strong>, <strong>q</strong> and sometimes also <strong>r</strong> and elongated <strong>i</strong>). Examples of this can be seen <span>in </span><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/">NLS Adv. MS 15.1.18, no. 10</a><span>:</span></p>
</div>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/?graph=976&dlg=0"><img height="105" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms10_f3.jpg/ms10_f3-55x105.jpg" style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;" width="55"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/?graph=988&dlg=0"><img height="104" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms10_f2.jpg/ms10_f2-64x104.jpg" style="margin-left: 12px; margin-right: 12px;" width="64"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/?graph=994&dlg=0"><img height="102" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms10_f1.jpg/ms10_f1-58x102.jpg" style="margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;" width="58"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/?graph=769&dlg=0"><img height="103" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms10_s3.jpg/ms10_s3-70x103.jpg" style="margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px;" width="70"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/?graph=969&dlg=0"><img height="102" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms10_s2.jpg/ms10_s2-54x102.jpg" style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;" width="54"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/?graph=961&dlg=0"><img height="102" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms10_s1.jpg/ms10_s1-48x102.jpg" style="margin-left: 12px; margin-right: 12px;" width="48"/></a></p>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/?graph=963&dlg=0"><img height="103" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms10_s4.jpg/ms10_s4-59x103.jpg" style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;" width="59"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/?graph=979&dlg=0"><img height="103" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms10_s5.jpg/ms10_s5-63x103.jpg" style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;" width="63"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/?graph=972&dlg=0"><img height="103" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms10_q2.jpg/ms10_q2-54x103.jpg" style="margin-left: 12px; margin-right: 12px;" width="54"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/?graph=959&dlg=0"><img height="101" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms10_q1.jpg/ms10_q1-61x101.jpg" style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;" width="61"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/?graph=987&dlg=0"><img height="102" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms10_r.jpg/ms10_r-63x102.jpg" style="margin-left: 12px; margin-right: 12px;" width="63"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/106/?graph=770&dlg=0"><img height="103" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms10_i.jpg/ms10_i-55x103.jpg" style="margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 4px;" width="55"/></a></p>
<p>See also <b>f</b>, <b>s</b> and <b>r</b> in <a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/99/">NLS Adv. MS 15.1.18, no. 22</a>:</p>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/99/?graph=1175&dlg=0"><img height="125" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms22_f2.jpg/ms22_f2-53x125.jpg" width="53"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/99/?graph=1172&dlg=0"><img height="121" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms22_f1.jpg/ms22_f1-53x121.jpg" width="53"/></a><span><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/99/?graph=996&dlg=0"><img height="124" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms22_s3.jpg/ms22_s3-54x124.jpg" width="54"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/99/?graph=1174&dlg=0"><img height="125" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms22_s2.jpg/ms22_s2-51x125.jpg" width="51"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/99/?graph=1177&dlg=0"><img height="123" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms22_s1.jpg/ms22_s1-60x123.jpg" width="60"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/99/?graph=1186&dlg=0"><img height="126" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms22_r.jpg/ms22_r-84x126.jpg" width="84"/></a></span></p>
<p><span>And <strong>r</strong> in </span><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/95/">NLS Adv. MS 15.1.18, no. 71</a><span>:</span></p>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/96/?graph=1203&dlg=0"><img height="129" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms71_r.jpg/ms71_r-89x129.jpg" width="89"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/96/?graph=594&dlg=0"><img height="128" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms71_r2.jpg/ms71_r2-99x128.jpg" width="99"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/96/?graph=506&dlg=0"><img height="128" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms71_r3.jpg/ms71_r3-115x128.jpg" width="115"/></a></p>
<p><span size="3">By the second half of the twelfth century, scribes who were practised in writing in a more informal fashion (usually employing a narrower nib-width in relation to the overall size of the script and making fuller use of variant or modified forms that could be traced more rapidly) also sought to give their handwriting a more elegant appearance by incorporating some of these same features of style. The scribe of <a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/107/">NLS, Adv. MS 15.1.18, no. 11</a>, for example, combined simplified variant forms and more informally-traced elements (such as the shafts of </span><b><span size="3">f</span></b><span size="3">, </span><b><span size="3">r</span></b><span size="3"> and long-</span><b><span size="3">s</span></b><span size="3"> formed as descenders of somewhat variable length, rather than finished neatly on the base-line) with a feature of style: the extended ascenders of </span><b><span size="3">b</span></b><span size="3">, </span><b><span size="3">d</span></b><span size="3">, </span><b><span size="3">h</span></b><span size="3"> and </span><b><span size="3">l</span></b><span size="3">:</span></p>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/107/"><img height="469" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms11_full.jpg/ms11_full-942x469.jpg" width="942"/></a></p>
<p><span size="3">Example letter-forms from <a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/107/">NLS Adv. MS 15.1.18, no. 11</a>:</span></p>
<p><span size="3"><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/107/?graph=1213&dlg=0"><img height="124" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms11_f2.jpg/ms11_f2-74x124.jpg" width="74"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/107/?graph=1215&dlg=0"><img height="128" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms11_f1.jpg/ms11_f1-91x128.jpg" width="91"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/107/?graph=1205&dlg=0"><img height="128" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms11_r1.jpg/ms11_r1-84x128.jpg" width="84"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/107/?graph=1214&dlg=0"><img height="130" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms11_r3.jpg/ms11_r3-93x130.jpg" width="93"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/107/?graph=1208&dlg=0"><img height="127" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms11_r2.jpg/ms11_r2-102x127.jpg" width="102"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/107/?graph=1020&dlg=0"><img height="124" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms11_s3.jpg/ms11_s3-78x124.jpg" width="78"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/107/?graph=1021&dlg=0"><img height="129" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms11_s2.jpg/ms11_s2-78x129.jpg" width="78"/></a></span><span size="3"><span size="3"><span size="3"><span size="3"><strong><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/107/?graph=1212&dlg=0"><img height="126" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms11_s1.jpg/ms11_s1-83x126.jpg" width="83"/></a></strong></span></span><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/107/?graph=1009&dlg=0"><img height="131" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms11_b2.jpg/ms11_b2-69x131.jpg" width="69"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/107/?graph=1010&dlg=0"><img height="124" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms11_b1.jpg/ms11_b1-63x124.jpg" width="63"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/107/?graph=1008&dlg=0"><img height="127" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms11_d1.jpg/ms11_d1-80x127.jpg" width="80"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/107/?graph=1007&dlg=0"><img height="128" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms11_d2.jpg/ms11_d2-77x128.jpg" width="77"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/107/?graph=1167&dlg=0"><img height="129" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms11_l1.jpg/ms11_l1-70x129.jpg" width="70"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/107/?graph=1012&dlg=0"><img height="126" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms11_l2.jpg/ms11_l2-69x126.jpg" width="69"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/107/?graph=1014&dlg=0"><img height="126" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms11_h.jpg/ms11_h-64x126.jpg" width="64"/></a></span></span></p>
<p><span size="3">Scribes also experimented with economical ways of elaborating the appearance of majuscule letters, tracing one or more additional strokes roughly parallel to one or more elements of the letter, such as in the </span><b><span size="3">N</span></b><span size="3">, </span><b><span size="3">E</span></b><span size="3"> and </span><b><span size="3">C</span></b><span size="3"> of ‘Notum’, ‘Ego’ and ‘Comitissa’ in <a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/91/">NLS, Adv. MS 15.1.18, no 62</a>:</span></p>
<p><span size="3"><span size="3"><span size="3"><span size="3"></span></span><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/91/"><img height="449" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms62_full.jpg/ms62_full-787x449.jpg" width="787"/></a></span></span></p>
<p><strong><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/91/?graph=1031&dlg=0"><img height="121" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms62_n.jpg/ms62_n-77x121.jpg" width="77"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/91/?graph=1032&dlg=0"><img height="121" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms62_e.jpg/ms62_e-85x121.jpg" width="85"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/91/?graph=1033&dlg=0"><img height="123" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms62_c.jpg/ms62_c-80x123.jpg" width="80"/></a></strong></p>
<p><span size="3">The appearance of such handwriting may itself have provided models or sources of inspiration for other scribes to imitate, with different degrees of formality of execution. The scribe of NLS, Adv. MS 15.1.18, nos 33 and 47 employed all of these simplified variant forms and new features of style whilst writing with a relatively broad nib and formal manner of execution, as well as introducing his own experiments with features of style, by embellishing the ascenders of the first line of both charters with oblique approach strokes, and sometimes applying such strokes to the oblique shafts of </span><b><span size="3">d</span></b><span size="3"> elsewhere in the documents.</span></p>
<p>See <a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/82/">NLS Adv. MS 15.1.18, no. 33</a>:</p>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/82/"><span size="3"><img src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/ms33_full.jpg"/></span></a></p>
<p>And <a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/88/">NLS Adv. MS 15.1.18, no. 47</a>:</p>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/88/"><img height="325" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms47_full.jpg/ms47_full-1075x325.jpg" width="1075"/></a></p>
<p><span>Detail of the embellished ascenders from the first line of </span><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/82/">NLS Adv. MS 15.1.18, no. 33</a>:</p>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/88/"><span size="3"><strong><img src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/ms33_first_line.jpg"/></strong></span></a></p>
<p>Detail of the embellished ascenders from the first line of <a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/88/">NLS Adv. MS 15.1.18, no. 47</a>:</p>
<p><a href="http://goo.gl/dxVVrB"><img src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/ms47_first_line.jpg"/></a></p>
<div>
<p>Examples of <strong>d</strong> both without and with embellished strokes in <a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/82/">NLS Adv. MS 15.1.18, no. 33</a>:</p>
</div>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/82/?graph=1041&dlg=0"><img height="123" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms33_d6.jpg/ms33_d6-92x123.jpg" width="92"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/82/?graph=1041&dlg=0"><img height="121" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms33_d5.jpg/ms33_d5-87x121.jpg" width="87"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/82/?graph=1038&dlg=0"><img height="121" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms33_d3.jpg/ms33_d3-83x121.jpg" width="83"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/82/?graph=1039&dlg=0"><img height="122" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms33_d1.jpg/ms33_d1-80x122.jpg" width="80"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/82/?graph=1043&dlg=0"><img height="121" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms33_d2.jpg/ms33_d2-76x121.jpg" width="76"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/82/?graph=1040&dlg=0"><img height="120" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms33_d4.jpg/ms33_d4-76x120.jpg" width="76"/></a></p>
<div>
<p>Examples of <strong>d</strong> both without and with embellished strokes in <a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/88/">NLS Adv. MS 15.1.18, no. 47</a>:</p>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/88/?graph=1044&dlg=0"><img height="114" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms47_d6.jpg/ms47_d6-89x114.jpg" width="89"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/88/?graph=1045&dlg=0"><img height="118" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms47_d5.jpg/ms47_d5-85x118.jpg" width="85"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/88/?graph=1046&dlg=0"><img src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/ms47_d4.jpg"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/88/?graph=1047&dlg=0"><img height="112" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms47_d3.jpg/ms47_d3-77x112.jpg" width="77"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/88/?graph=1048&dlg=0"><img height="118" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms47_d2.jpg/ms47_d2-80x118.jpg" width="80"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/88/?graph=1051&dlg=0"><img height="118" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms47_d1.jpg/ms47_d1-73x118.jpg" width="73"/></a></p>
</div>
<p><span size="3">Rapidly executed handwriting could introduce clockwise and anti-clockwise loops within and between letters as the movement of the pen between strokes might be recorded on the page. Some of these these originally spontaneous traces could themselves become treated as features of style. The scribe of <a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/">NLS, Adv. MS 15.1.18, no. 1</a> exploited for stylistic effect the traces recorded by clockwise rotatory movements involved in forming letters below the baseline (the extended final strokes of </span><b><span size="3">h</span></b><span size="3">, </span><b><span size="3">m</span></b><span size="3">, </span><b><span size="3">n</span></b><span size="3"> and round </span><b><span size="3">s</span></b><span size="3">, and the descenders of </span><b><span size="3">f</span></b><span size="3">, </span><b><span size="3">s</span></b><span size="3"> and </span><b><span size="3">r</span></b><span size="3">), </span><span>and used the same movement to create an approach stroke to form the left-to-right broad stroke forming the main element of the lower part of the letter </span><b>g</b>:</p>
<p><span size="3"><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=1054&dlg=0"><img height="127" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_h2.jpg/ms1_h2-75x127.jpg" width="75"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=1059&dlg=0"><img src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/ms1_h1.jpg"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=1056&dlg=0"><img height="114" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_m2.jpg/ms1_m2-119x114.jpg" width="119"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=1073&dlg=0"><img height="119" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_m1.jpg/ms1_m1-121x119.jpg" width="121"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=1055&dlg=0"><img height="127" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_n2.jpg/ms1_n2-109x127.jpg" width="109"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=1075&dlg=0"><img height="126" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_n1.jpg/ms1_n1-98x126.jpg" width="98"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=1067&dlg=0"><img height="126" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_s2.jpg/ms1_s2-109x126.jpg" width="109"/></a></span></p>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=1096&dlg=0"><img height="124" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_f1.jpg/ms1_f1-80x124.jpg" width="80"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=1080&dlg=0"><img height="124" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_f2.jpg/ms1_f2-78x124.jpg" width="78"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=1082&dlg=0"><img height="125" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_r2.jpg/ms1_r2-110x125.jpg" width="110"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=1098&dlg=0"><img height="122" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_r1.jpg/ms1_r1-111x122.jpg" width="111"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=1100&dlg=0"><img height="125" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_s4.jpg/ms1_s4-80x125.jpg" width="80"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=1097&dlg=0"><img height="123" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_s3.jpg/ms1_s3-80x123.jpg" width="80"/></a></p>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=1103&dlg=0"><img height="123" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_g3.jpg/ms1_g3-125x123.jpg" width="125"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=1081&dlg=0"><img height="125" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_g1.jpg/ms1_g1-126x125.jpg" width="126"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=1083&dlg=0"><img height="99" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_g2.jpg/ms1_g2-124x99.jpg" width="124"/></a></p>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/"><strong><img height="514" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_full.jpg/ms1_full-721x514.jpg" width="721"/></strong></a></p>
<p><span size="3">Likewise, the scribe recorded the final part of an anti-clockwise rotatory movement as a curving approach stroke to the vertical ascenders of </span><b><span size="3">b</span></b><span size="3">, </span><b><span size="3">h</span></b><span size="3"> and </span><b><span size="3">l</span></b><span size="3"> and the backward leaning oblique strokes of </span><b><span size="3">d</span></b><span size="3">, v-shaped </span><b><span size="3">u</span></b><span size="3"> and </span><b><span size="3">w</span></b><span size="3">:</span></p>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=1227&dlg=0"><img height="123" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_b1.jpg/ms1_b1-76x123.jpg" width="76"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=1058&dlg=0"><img height="126" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_h3.jpg/ms1_h3-76x126.jpg" width="76"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=1054&dlg=0"><img height="127" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_h2.jpg/ms1_h2-75x127.jpg" width="75"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=1223&dlg=0"><img height="125" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_l2.jpg/ms1_l2-77x125.jpg" width="77"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=1229&dlg=0"><img height="125" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_l1.jpg/ms1_l1-91x125.jpg" width="91"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=749&dlg=0"><img height="131" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_d3.jpg/ms1_d3-89x131.jpg" width="89"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=1092&dlg=0"><img height="125" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_d1.jpg/ms1_d1-79x125.jpg" width="79"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=1086dlg=0"><img height="125" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_d2.jpg/ms1_d2-93x125.jpg" width="93"/></a></p>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=1222&dlg=0"><img height="120" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_w2.jpg/ms1_w2-108x120.jpg" width="108"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=1221&dlg=0"><img height="129" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_w1.jpg/ms1_w1-120x129.jpg" width="120"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/77/?graph=1220&dlg=0"><img height="125" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms1_u.jpg/ms1_u-98x125.jpg" width="98"/></a></p>
<p><span>Ultimately the process of experimentation and interaction between these two tendencies: cursivity (the recording on the page of the movement of the pen between strokes, usually as a consequence of writing more rapidly) and a concern for style, and scribal imitation of the models provided by such experiments, led to the emergence of a new fully cursive script, with certain letters differing in their basic construction from the twelfth-century minuscule. </span><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/86/">NLS Adv. MS 15.1.18, no. 45</a> – <span>a charter of 1283 that falls outside the chronological parameters of this project – provides an example of the fully-developed cursive script:</span></p>
<p><span></span><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/86/"><span size="3"><img height="614" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms45_full.jpg/ms45_full-846x614.jpg" width="846"/></span></a></p>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/86/?graph=1501&dlg=0"><img height="91" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms45_d1.jpg/ms45_d1-79x91.jpg" style="margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 6px;" width="79"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/86/?graph=1482&dlg=0"><img height="88" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms45_d2.jpg/ms45_d2-82x88.jpg" style="margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 6px;" width="82"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/86/?graph=1474&dlg=0"><img height="87" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms45_g3.jpg/ms45_g3-76x87.jpg" style="margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 6px;" width="76"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/86/?graph=1473&dlg=0"><img height="89" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms45_g2.jpg/ms45_g2-80x89.jpg" style="margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;" width="80"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/86/?graph=1472&dlg=0"><img height="87" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms45_g1.jpg/ms45_g1-79x87.jpg" style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;" width="79"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/86/?graph=1475&dlg=0"><img height="85" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms45_s3.jpg/ms45_s3-65x85.jpg" style="margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px;" width="65"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/86/?graph=1484&dlg=0"><img height="88" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms45_s2.jpg/ms45_s2-72x88.jpg" style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;" width="72"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/86/?graph=1458&dlg=0"><img height="89" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms45_s1.jpg/ms45_s1-78x89.jpg" style="margin-right: 6px; margin-left: 6px;" width="78"/></a></p>
<p>By 1250 some scribes had already incorporated many of the distinctive letter forms and features of style of this new script into their handwriting, alongside letter forms that subsequently were abandoned. The scribe of <a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/78/">NLS Adv. MS 15.1.18, no. 16</a>, for example, employed the cursive form of round <strong>s</strong> typical of the new script but not the small 8-shaped form of <strong>g</strong>, instead incorporating as part of the lower element of the letter a conspicuous broad, almost horizontal, stroke, traced from left to right:</p>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/78/"><span><strong><img src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/ms16_full.jpg"/></strong></span></a></p>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/78/?graph=802&dlg=0"><img height="90" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms16_d1.jpg/ms16_d1-69x90.jpg" style="margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 6px;" width="69"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/78/?graph=810&dlg=0"><img height="90" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms16_d2.jpg/ms16_d2-72x90.jpg" style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;" width="72"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/78/?graph=1307&dlg=0"><img height="88" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms16_g1.jpg/ms16_g1-88x88.jpg" style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;" width="88"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/78/?graph=1311&dlg=0"><img height="87" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms16_g2.jpg/ms16_g2-84x87.jpg" style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;" width="84"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/78/?graph=801&dlg=0"><img height="89" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms16_g3.jpg/ms16_g3-79x89.jpg" style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;" width="79"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/78/?graph=1300&dlg=0"><img height="89" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms16_s2.jpg/ms16_s2-72x89.jpg" style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;" width="72"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/78/?graph=1301&dlg=0"><img height="88" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms16_s1.jpg/ms16_s1-64x88.jpg" style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;" width="64"/></a></p>
<p>The scribe of <a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/101/">NLS Adv. MS 15.1.18, no. 28</a> made ample use of the swelling and tapering strokes that are a conspicuous feature of style in the new script (forming, for example, the oblique shaft of <strong>d</strong> and the horizontal common mark of abbreviation), but not the more compact form of cursive round <strong>s</strong> or the small 8-shaped <strong>g</strong>:</p>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/101/"><strong><strong><img height="568" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms28_full.jpg/ms28_full-709x568.jpg" width="709"/></strong></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/101/?graph=1334&dlg=0"><img height="79" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms28_d2.jpg/ms28_d2-86x79.jpg" style="margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;" width="86"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/101/?graph=1418&dlg=0"><img height="88" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms28_d1.jpg/ms28_d1-72x88.jpg" style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;" width="72"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/101/?graph=1405&dlg=0"><img height="77" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms28_g2.jpg/ms28_g2-87x77.jpg" style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;" width="87"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/101/?graph=1375&dlg=0"><img height="78" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms28_g1.jpg/ms28_g1-87x78.jpg" style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;" width="87"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/101/?graph=1332&dlg=0"><img height="76" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms28_g3.jpg/ms28_g3-86x76.jpg" style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;" width="86"/></a><a href="http://localhost:8080/digipal/page/101/?graph=1324&dlg=0"><img height="82" src="http://localhost:8080/media/uploads/FOM/November_2015/.thumbnails/ms28_s1.jpg/ms28_s1-65x82.jpg" style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;" width="65"/></a></p>
<p><span>It is one of the aims of the Models of Authority project to trace these developments in Scotland and to understand why they took place. How far did they parallel such developments in England, or did English precedent act as a source of inspiration? To what extent did the handwriting of royal charters provide an image of authority that was imitated in other contexts, or was the handwriting of the official acts of ecclesiastical authorities a more important source of influence? The charters from the National Library of Scotland are on their own too small a sample to answer such questions, but the different choices made by scribes that contribute to the variety of their appearance demonstrate that charters were written artefacts that were intended to be seen as well as read and their contents heard, and therefore that the visual appearance of what was written was itself a matter of significance.</span></p>
<p><span size="3"><br/></span></p>The Problem of Digital Dating: Online Survey2015-03-10T13:38:15+00:002015-04-08T12:00:15+00:00Peter Stokeshttp://www.modelsofauthority.ac.uk/blog/author/pstokes/http://www.modelsofauthority.ac.uk/blog/the-problem-of-digital-dating-online-survey/<p>[<em>This article is cross-listed here and on the <a href="http://www.digipal.eu/blog/the-problem-of-digital-dating-online-survey/">DigiPal project blog</a>.</em>]<span> </span></p>
<p>Further to <a href="http://www.digipal.eu/blog/the-problem-of-digital-dating-part-i/">my earlier discussion</a> about the problems of representing dates in digital format, Matthew Driscoll and I have produced a <a href="https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/FMS3735">short survey</a> to gague what people want and expect when searching databases with uncertain material. As noted on the survey itself,</p>
<blockquote>
<p>This informal survey is designed to help us understand what people expect when searching databases of medieval material. Computers normally need clear definitions of dates, but in practice we often do not have such certainty. If you want to find manuscripts that have been dated to the early eleventh century, for instance, then what date range should you search for? When the computer displays the results of your search in chronological order, would you expect "early tenth century" to come before or after "circa 910"? These may seem like arbitrary questions but they must be addressed when designing databases and online catalogues, and so it is important for website designers to understand what you expect. </p>
<p>This survey is based on the <a href="http://www.digipal.eu/blog/tag/digital-dating/">"Digital Dating" discussion</a> on the DigiPal blog and also in meetings of <a href="http://www.medioevoeuropeo.org/">COST Action IS1005 (<em>Medioevo Europeo</em>)</a>. For further discussion of the problems involved please refer to <a href="http://www.digipal.eu/blog/the-problem-of-digital-dating-part-i/">the first of the DigiPal blog posts</a>.</p>
<p>There are of course no right or wrong answers to any of the questions in this survey. The goal is to understand your expectations, not to test your expertise in medieval manuscripts.</p>
<p>We will post the results of the survey on the DigiPal blog in due course and in the meantime we thank you for your contribution.</p>
<p>Peter Stokes and Matthew Driscoll</p>
</blockquote>
<p>These may seem like arbitrary questions but they must be addressed when designing databases and online catalogues, and so it is important for website designers to understand what you expect if the websites are going to be useful for you.</p>
<p>The survey is available at <a href="https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/FMS3735">https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/FMS3735</a>. Please circulate the link widely to anywhere you think appropriate as well. It is entirely anonymous and only contains ten questions so it should not take much of your time. We would be very grateful to hear what you think, and we very much hope that the results we get will help people to develop websites that better match our needs.</p>